What is the Internet of Things (IoT)? Check the 5-layer Architecture!

Jan 25, 2026, 06:41 EDT

Layers of IoT: Discover what IoT is and its 5 essential layers of the Internet of Things (IoT) architecture. Learn how data flows and how each layer works to build a secure, functional IoT system.

IoT
IoT

Layers of IoT: The Internet of Things (IoT) is a technology that allows everyday physical objects to connect to the internet and communicate with each other.

IoT systems collect data from the real world, process it, and use it to make decisions or provide useful services.

To manage this complex flow of information, IoT systems are designed using a layered structure. Each layer has a specific role and works together with the others to ensure smooth operation. 

This layered approach helps engineers design, operate, and secure IoT systems more effectively. 

So, in this article, we will learn about the five layers of IoT and how data moves from a physical object to a meaningful action or insight.

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What Is the Internet of Things (IoT)?

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of physical devices that are connected to the internet and can collect, share, and process data without requiring constant human involvement.

These devices include everyday objects such as smart home appliances, wearable devices, sensors, vehicles, and industrial machines. 

5-Layer Architecture IoT

Here is the flow chart showing five layers of IoT:

Layers of IoT (1)

Source: geeksforgeeks.org

1. Perception Layer

The perception layer is the lowest and most basic layer of the IoT architecture. It is responsible for sensing and collecting data from the physical environment. This layer includes sensors, actuators, cameras, RFID tags, and other devices that detect changes such as temperature, motion, light, pressure, or humidity.

2. Network/Transport Layer

The transport layer is responsible for transferring data collected by the perception layer to the next stage of the system. It uses communication technologies such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular networks (4G/5G), Ethernet, or satellite connections.

3. Middleware Layer

The middleware layer includes advanced functions such as data storage, computation, processing, and decision-making capabilities. It stores large datasets and, based on the device name or address, delivers the relevant data to the appropriate device. This layer can also make decisions by performing calculations on the data collected from sensors.

4. Application Layer

The application layer is most visible to users. It provides services and user interfaces based on the processed data. Examples include smart home apps, health monitoring dashboards, industrial control systems, and smart city platforms.

5. Business layer

The success of any device depends not only on the technology used but also on how effectively it is delivered to consumers. The business layer is responsible for handling these aspects. It focuses on tasks such as creating flowcharts and graphs, analyzing performance results, and identifying ways to improve the device and its overall value.

So, the five layers of IoT work together to create a complete and functional system. 

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Sneha Singh
Sneha Singh

Content Writer

    Sneha Singh is a US News Content Writer at Jagran Josh, covering major developments in international policies and global affairs. She holds a degree in Journalism and Mass Communication from Amity University, Lucknow Campus. With over six months of experience as a Sub Editor at News24 Digital, Sneha brings sharp news judgment, SEO expertise and a passion for impactful storytelling.

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